What Is Molecular Hydrogen?
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is formed when two hydrogen atoms share their electrons which is a covalent bond.
(H - + - H → H:H or H—H)
Dr. Tyler LeBaron, BSc, MSc and Ph.D
Founder & Executive Director, Molecular Hydrogen Institute (MHI)
Explore the research behind this video.
The Science Behind EVOLV
The Biology
Free radicals cause cellular damage, leading to oxidative stress and premature aging. This imbalance can impact overall health and energy levels.
How This Helps
EVOLV’s hydrogen-infused water contains dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂), which has been shown to support cellular redox balance and may help optimize hydration processes. By reducing oxidative stress and modulating signaling pathways, hydrogen water can contribute to overall cellular health and function.
The Biology
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of your cells, but oxidative damage and dehydration can decrease their efficiency, leading to fatigue and sluggish performance.
How This Helps
EVOLV’s high-concentration molecular hydrogen infusion supports mitochondrial function, leading to higher natural energy levels without stimulants or crashes.
The Biology
Brain fog and poor focus often result from oxidative stress, dehydration, and inflammation, disrupting cognitive performance.
How This Helps
EVOLV Hydrogen-rich water enhances cellular hydration and antioxidant activity, helping to support brain function, memory, and mental clarity for peak cognitive performance.
The Biology
Intense physical activity and daily stress lead to inflammation, muscle soreness, and slower recovery times.
How This Helps
EVOLV Hydrogen-rich water helps reduce inflammation, accelerating muscle recovery and overall healing. Studies show it may aid in post-workout recovery and reduce discomfort.
The Biology
Water plays a vital role in cellular function, but various factors, including solute concentration and cellular transport mechanisms, influence hydration efficiency.
How This Helps
EVOLV’s hydrogen-infused water contains dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂), which has been shown to support cellular redox balance and may help optimize hydration processes. By reducing oxidative stress and modulating signaling pathways, hydrogen water can contribute to overall cellular health and function.
Hydrogen Performance
Scientific Validation of EVOLV H2
Molecular Hydrogen Infusion™
Research shows that molecular hydrogen has powerful antioxidant properties, neutralizes harmful free radicals, and promotes improved cellular function. EVOLV Molecular Hydrogen Infusion™ delivers a high concentration of hydrogen to water, promoting deep hydration, improved cognitive function, and increased energy.
Efficacy reports
H2 Analytics Lab Test
H2Hubb Lab Test
SGS Water Purity Report
The Truth About Your Hydration
Advanced Hydrogen Generation Technology
EVOLV utilizes state-of-the-art dual-chamber electrolysis with platinum-coated plates, ensuring maximum hydrogen saturation in every sip.
Platinum SPE/PEM Membrane
Powered by Japan’s industry-leading membrane, EVOLV delivers pure, therapeutic hydrogen while eliminating unwanted byproducts.
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EVOLV HYDROGEN TABLETS
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Our hydrogen water bottles are rigorously tested by H2 Analytics and meet IHSA & US EPA standards for safety and efficiency. Certified for 5.4 ppm H2—one of the highest concentrations available.
200+
HUMAN TRIALS
OVER 3,000
RESEARCH STUDIES
With over 3,000 research studies published and 200+ human trials, you can explore the findings from the National Institute of Health's double-blind, placebo controlled study on hydrogen water.
Explore the research behind our benefits.
Hydrogen-Rich Water: Enhancing Gut Health
The gut microbiota, a complex community of trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. It influences digestion, immunity, and even mental well-being. Disruptions in the balance of these microorganisms have been linked to various health issues, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), obesity, and metabolic disorders. Recent research suggests that hydrogen-rich water (HRW) may positively impact gut health by modulating the gut microbiome, reducing inflammation, and enhancing intestinal barrier function.
Modulation of Gut Microbiota
Hydrogen-rich water has been found to influence the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. In a study involving individuals with impaired fasting glucose, HRW consumption slightly improved metabolic abnormalities and gut microbiota dysbiosis, providing a novel target for blood glucose regulation. Another study demonstrated that long-term consumption of HRW enhanced the diversity and abundance of gut flora in athletes, suggesting its role in promoting a healthy gut environment.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Chronic inflammation in the gut is a hallmark of various gastrointestinal disorders. Hydrogen possesses selective antioxidant properties that help maintain the redox state balance in the intestine, reducing damage to intestinal epithelial cells. This effect is particularly beneficial in conditions like ulcerative colitis, where hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial found that HRW reduced inflammatory responses and prevented apoptosis of peripheral blood cells in healthy adults, indicating its systemic anti-inflammatory potential.
Enhancement of Intestinal Barrier Function
The integrity of the intestinal barrier is vital for preventing the translocation of harmful substances from the gut into the bloodstream. Hydrogen-rich water has been shown to improve gastrointestinal tract function and epithelial integrity. In a mouse model, oral administration of HRW increased survival rates and body weight following radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury, suggesting protective effects on the intestinal barrier.
Therapeutic Potential in Gut-Related Disorders
The therapeutic effects of HRW extend to various gut-related disorders. For instance, drinking hydrogen-enriched water has shown promise in ameliorating inflammatory bowel diseases by modulating gut microbiota and reducing inflammation. Additionally, HRW's ability to regulate the intestinal flora and maintain redox balance highlights its potential as a complementary approach in managing conditions like ulcerative colitis.
Studies:
Liang, B., Shi, L., Du, D., Li, H., Yi, N., Xi, Y., Cui, J., Li, P., Kang, H., Noda, M., Sun, X., Liu, J., Qin, S., & Long, J. (2023). Hydrogen-Rich Water Ameliorates Metabolic Disorder via Modifying Gut Microbiota in Impaired Fasting Glucose Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 12(6), 1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061245
Xie, F., Jiang, X., Yi, Y., Liu, Z. J., Ma, C., He, J., Xun, Z. M., Wang, M., Liu, M. Y., Mawulikplimi Adzavon, Y., Zhao, P. X., & Ma, X. M. (2022). Different effects of hydrogen-rich water intake and hydrogen gas inhalation on gut microbiome and plasma metabolites of rats in health status. Scientific reports, 12(1), 7231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11091-1
Akita, Y., Higashiyama, M., Kurihara, C., Ito, S., Nishii, S., Mizoguchi, A., Inaba, K., Tanemoto, R., Sugihara, N., Hanawa, Y., Wada, A., Horiuchi, K., Okada, Y., Narimatsu, K., Komoto, S., Tomita, K., Takei, F., Satoh, Y., Saruta, M., & Hokari, R. (2023). Ameliorating Role of Hydrogen-Rich Water Against NSAID-Induced Enteropathy via Reduction of ROS and Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Digestive diseases and sciences, 68(5), 1824–1834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-022-07781-5
Li, J., Huang, G., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Yu, Y. (2024). Hydrogen Regulates Ulcerative Colitis by Affecting the Intestinal Redox Environment. Journal of Inflammation Research, 17, 933–945. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S445152
Peng, J., He, Q., Li, S., Liu, T., & Zhang, J. (2022). Hydrogen-Rich Water Mitigates LPS-Induced Chronic Intestinal Inflammatory Response in Rats via Nrf-2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Veterinary sciences, 9(11), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110621
Liang, B., Shi, L., Du, D., Li, H., Yi, N., Xi, Y., Cui, J., Li, P., Kang, H., Noda, M., Sun, X., Liu, J., Qin, S., & Long, J. (2023). Hydrogen-Rich Water Ameliorates Metabolic Disorder via Modifying Gut Microbiota in Impaired Fasting Glucose Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 12(6), 1245.
Molecular Hydrogen: A Potential Ally in Weight Management and Metabolic Health
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are prevalent health concerns characterized by increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent studies have explored the potential of molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a therapeutic agent in addressing these conditions.
Enhancement of Energy Metabolism
Molecular hydrogen has been observed to stimulate energy metabolism, which may contribute to weight management. In studies involving animal models, H₂ consumption led to increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, indicating enhanced metabolic activity. This metabolic stimulation is associated with the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone that enhances fatty acid and glucose expenditure. Consequently, H₂ intake suppressed fat accumulation and improved metabolic parameters in these models
Modulation of Appetite-Regulating Neurotransmitters
Research suggests that molecular hydrogen may influence appetite regulation by modulating neurotransmitter cycles in the brain. A study demonstrated that H₂ intake reduced brain concentrations of glutamate, glutamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in overweight individuals. This modulation may suppress hunger and contribute to weight loss, highlighting a novel mechanism by which H₂ can aid in weight management.
Improvement of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism
Clinical studies have shown that hydrogen-rich water consumption can improve lipid and glucose metabolism. For instance, daily intake of hydrogen-rich water for 10 weeks resulted in a 39% increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase and an 8% increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, suggesting enhanced metabolic health.
Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are key contributors to metabolic disorders. Molecular hydrogen's selective antioxidant properties enable it to neutralize reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing oxidative stress. This reduction can alleviate inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity, which are crucial factors in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Studies:
Korovljev, D., Trivic, T., Drid, P., & Ostojic, S. M. (2018). Molecular hydrogen affects body composition, metabolic profiles, and mitochondrial function in middle-aged overweight women.
Irish journal of medical science, 187 (1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-017-1638-4
Korovljev, D., Javorac, D., Todorović, N., Ranisavljev, M., Engeset, D., Stea, T., Ostojic, J., Bijelić, K., Conic, B., Kladar, N., Ratgeber, L., Trunic, N., Rajkovic, S., Štajer, V., & Ostojic, S. (2023). The effects of 12-week hydrogen-rich water intake on body composition, short-chain fatty acids turnover, and brain metabolism in overweight adults: A randomized controlled trial.
Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research, 21, 235-241.
Ostojic, S., Korovljev, D., Štajer, V., & Javorac, D. (2018). 28-days hydrogen-rich water supplementation affects exercise capacity in mid-age overweight women: 2942 Board #225 June 1-3.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50
(6), 728-729. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000538402.25953.d2
Korovljev, D., Ostojic, J., Todorovic, N., & Ostojic, S. M. (2023). Molecular hydrogen modulates brain glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle in overweight humans. Archives of medical science : AMS, 19(4), 1151–1153. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms/162938
Molecular Hydrogen: Enhancing Recovery and Physical Performance
Intense physical activity often leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which can impair muscle function and delay recovery. Molecular hydrogen (H₂) has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate these effects, offering benefits for both athletic performance and recovery.
Reduction of Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
During high-intensity exercise, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can cause oxidative damage to cellular structures, leading to muscle fatigue and impaired performance. H₂, with its selective antioxidant properties, has been shown to neutralize these reactive species, thereby reducing oxidative stress. This reduction helps maintain cellular integrity and function during and after exercise.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) triggers an inflammatory response, contributing to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and prolonged recovery times. H₂ has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties that can attenuate this response. Studies have shown that H₂ supplementation reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby alleviating inflammation associated with EIMD.
Improvement in Muscular Endurance and Performance
Supplementation with hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has been linked to enhancements in muscular endurance and overall performance. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that eight days of HRW intake significantly improved muscular endurance in trained individuals. Participants exhibited higher total power output and an increased number of repetitions during resistance training compared to the placebo group.
Reduction in Muscle Soreness and Damage
HRW supplementation has been associated with decreased muscle soreness and markers of muscle damage post-exercise. In a study involving elite fin swimmers, HRW intake led to reduced perceptions of muscle soreness and lower levels of creatine kinase, an indicator of muscle damage, up to 24 hours after strenuous training sessions.
Enhancement of Explosive Power
Beyond endurance, H₂ supplementation has shown the potential to enhance explosive power. A systematic review and meta-analysis reported that H₂ intake significantly improved lower limb explosive power, suggesting benefits for activities requiring quick, powerful movements.
Studies:
Mikami, T., Tano, K., Lee, H., Lee, H., Park, J., Ohta, F., LeBaron, T. W., & Ohta, S. (2019). Drinking hydrogen water enhances endurance and relieves psychometric fatigue: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study 1.
Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 97
(9), 857–862. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2019-0059
Sha, J. B., Zhang, S. S., Lu, Y. M., Gong, W. J., Jiang, X. P., Wang, J. J., Qiao, T. L., Zhang, H. H., Zhao, M. Q., Wang, D. P., Xia, H., Li, Z. W., Chen, J. L., Zhang, L., & Zhang, C. G. (2019). Effects of the long-term consumption of hydrogen-rich water on the antioxidant activity and the gut flora in female juvenile soccer players from Suzhou, China.
Medical gas research, 8
(4), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-9912.248263
LeBaron, T. W., Larson, A. J., Ohta, S., Mikami, T., Barlow, J., Bulloch, J., & DeBeliso, M. (2019). Acute Supplementation with Molecular Hydrogen Benefits Submaximal Exercise Indices. Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study.
Journal of lifestyle medicine, 9
(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2019.9.1.36
Shibayama, Yudai; Takeuchi, Kaito; Dobashi, Shohei; Koyama, Katsuhiro. Hydrogen-rich Water Modulates Redox Status Repeated Three Consecutive Days Of Strenuous Exercise.: 3298 Board #203 June 2 3. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49(5S):p 941, May 2017. | DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000519562.97355.a8
Aoki, K., Nakao, A., Adachi, T., Matsui, Y., & Miyakawa, S. (2012). Pilot study: Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes.
Medical gas research, 2, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-9912-2-12
Zhou, Q., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, C., & Liu, C. (2024). Hydrogen-Rich Water to Enhance Exercise Performance: A Review of Effects and Mechanisms.Metabolites, 14(10), 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14100537
Botek, M., Krejci, J., Mckune, A., Sládečková, B., & Naumovski, N. (2019). Hydrogen rich water improved ventilatory, perceptual and lactate responses to exercise.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40
(1), 1-7.
Javorac D, Stajer V and Ostojic S. Case Report: Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain in a professional athlete [version 1; peer review: 2 approved].
F1000Research
2020, 9
:245
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22850.1
Molecular Hydrogen: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Cognitive Health
Cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are intricately linked to oxidative stress and inflammation within the brain. Molecular hydrogen (H₂) has garnered attention for its potential neuroprotective properties, offering promising avenues for supporting brain health.
Mechanisms of Neuroprotection
Antioxidant Properties: H₂ selectively neutralizes highly reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress—a key contributor to neuronal damage and cognitive decline.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Beyond its antioxidant capabilities, H₂ exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating immune responses, which can mitigate neuroinflammation associated with cognitive impairments.
Mitochondrial Protection: H₂ has been shown to preserve mitochondrial function, ensuring energy production and reducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in neuronal cells.
Preclinical Evidence
Animal studies have demonstrated that H₂ administration can improve cognitive functions and protect against neuronal damage. For instance, in mouse models of vascular dementia, H₂ treatment alleviated memory impairments and reduced oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus.
Clinical Observations
Recent clinical studies have explored the potential cognitive benefits of molecular hydrogen (H₂) therapy, yielding mixed results:
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A one-year randomized controlled trial involving 73 patients with MCI assessed the effects of daily consumption of hydrogen-rich water. The study found no significant improvement in overall cognitive test scores compared to the placebo group. However, a subset analysis indicated that participants carrying the ApoE4 allele improved specific cognitive tasks, such as word recall, suggesting a potential genotype-specific response to H₂ therapy.
Parkinson's Disease: Clinical trials investigating H₂ therapy in Parkinson's disease patients have not demonstrated significant cognitive benefits. While some studies reported improvements in motor functions, cognitive outcomes remained largely unaffected, indicating that H₂'s neuroprotective effects may be more pronounced in motor pathways than in cognitive domains.
Stroke Patients: In studies involving acute cerebral infarction patients, hydrogen gas inhalation improved cognitive scores and reduced brain injury, suggesting potential benefits in acute neurological events
Stress-Induced Cognitive Decline: In a mouse model subjected to chronic physical restraint stress, continuous consumption of hydrogen-rich water reduced oxidative stress in the brain and prevented declines in learning and memory. This suggests that H₂ may help maintain cognitive functions under stress, potentially translating to improved focus and attention.
Neurogenesis Enhancement: Research indicates that H₂ consumption can ameliorate reduced proliferation of neural progenitors caused by stress, which may be linked to maintaining cognitive functions, including focus and attention.
Studies:
Lee, D., Jo, H., & Choi, J.-I. (2025). Molecular Hydrogen Modulates T Cell Differentiation and Enhances Neuro-Regeneration in a Vascular Dementia Mouse Model.
Antioxidants,
14(1)
Chen, W., Zhang, H. T., & Qin, S. C. (2021). Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen: A Critical Review.Neuroscience bulletin, 37(3), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-020-00597-1
Tyler W. LeBaron, Jason Kharman, Michael L. McCullough. An H2-infused, nitric oxide-producing functional beverage as a neuroprotective agent for TBIs and concussions.
J. Integr. Neurosci. 2021,
20(3), 667–676.
Chen, W., Zhang, H. T., & Qin, S. C. (2021). Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen: A Critical Review.
Neuroscience bulletin, 37
(3), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-020-00597-1
https://www.alzdiscovery.org/cognitive-vitality/ratings/molecular-hydrogen
https://www.thewellnesslab.com/improving-your-brain-function-with-molecular-hydrogen-therapy/
Metabolic diseases, notably obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have become pervasive global health challenges, leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. These conditions are intricately linked to factors such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent scientific investigations have turned attention to molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders, owing to its unique biological properties.
Molecular Hydrogen: An Overview
Molecular hydrogen is the smallest and most abundant molecule in the universe, characterized by its ability to rapidly diffuse across cell membranes and tissues. Historically considered biologically inert, groundbreaking research in 2007 unveiled H₂'s selective antioxidant properties, particularly its capacity to neutralize highly reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl radicals. This discovery has since catalyzed extensive research into H₂'s therapeutic potential across various medical fields.
Mechanisms Underpinning H₂'s Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Health
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Actions: H₂ exhibits potent antioxidant effects by selectively scavenging detrimental reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress—a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Additionally, H₂ modulates inflammatory pathways, reducing chronic inflammation associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
Regulation of Gene Expression: Research indicates that H₂ influences the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism. Notably, it enhances the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone integral to glucose and lipid metabolism, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and promoting lipid catabolism.
Mitochondrial Protection and Biogenesis: H₂ has been shown to preserve mitochondrial function and stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, essential for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. By protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage, H₂ supports efficient energy production and metabolic health.
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that H₂ administration can ameliorate symptoms of metabolic syndrome in animal models, including reductions in body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased hepatic fat accumulation.
Clinical trials, though limited, have provided promising results. For instance, consumption of hydrogen-rich water has been associated with improved lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Moreover, H₂ therapy has shown potential in reducing markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in individuals with metabolic syndrome.
Studies:
Johnsen, H. M., Hiorth, M., & Klaveness, J. (2023). Molecular Hydrogen Therapy—A Review on Clinical Studies and Outcomes. Molecules, 28(23), 7785. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237785
Rahman, M. H., Jeong, E.-S., You, H. S., Kim, C.-S., & Lee, K.-J. (2023). Redox-Mechanisms of Molecular Hydrogen Promote Healthful Longevity. Antioxidants, 12(5), 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12050988
Singh, R. B., Sumbalova, Z., Fatima, G., Mojto, V., Fedacko, J., Tarnava, A., Pokotylo, O., Gvozdjakova, A., Ferenczyova, K., Vlkovicova, J., Kura, B., Kalocayova, B., Zenuch, P., & Slezak, J. (2024). Effects of Molecular Hydrogen in the Pathophysiology and Management of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 25(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2501033
Ge, L., Yang, M., Yang, N. N., Yin, X. X., & Song, W. G. (2017). Molecular hydrogen: a preventive and therapeutic medical gas for various diseases. Oncotarget,8(60), 102653–102673. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21130
The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous essential functions, including detoxification, metabolism, and the synthesis of critical proteins. Its role extends to the regulation of blood sugar levels, lipid metabolism, and the processing of nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract. Given its central position in maintaining overall physiological balance, the liver is susceptible to various insults, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation, which can lead to conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease, and cirrhosis.
In recent years, molecular hydrogen (H₂) has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for liver health. Initially recognized for its selective antioxidant properties, H₂ has been the subject of extensive research exploring its broader biological effects. Studies have demonstrated that exogenous supplementation of H₂ can ameliorate various liver injuries and modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in both animal models and humans.
One notable study investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich water on patients with NAFLD. Over a 28-day period, participants consuming hydrogen-rich water exhibited significant reductions in liver fat accumulation and improvements in liver enzyme profiles compared to the placebo group. These findings suggest that H₂ may play a role in mitigating hepatic steatosis and enhancing liver function.
The mechanisms underlying H₂'s hepatoprotective effects are multifaceted. H₂ has been shown to suppress excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death in various acute and chronic liver injury models. Additionally, H₂ may influence lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, further contributing to its therapeutic potential in liver diseases.
In summary, the liver's critical functions in maintaining metabolic homeostasis underscore the importance of exploring novel therapeutic strategies to protect and enhance its health. Molecular hydrogen, with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, presents a promising avenue for supporting liver function and warrants further investigation in clinical settings.
Mechanisms of Action
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects: H₂ functions as a selective antioxidant, neutralizing harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing oxidative stress—a key contributor to liver injury. Additionally, H₂ exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating immune responses, thereby mitigating inflammation-associated liver damage.
Regulation of Autophagy: H₂ has been shown to influence autophagy, the process by which cells remove damaged components. Proper autophagic activity is crucial for liver health, and H₂'s ability to modulate this process contributes to its hepatoprotective effects.
Mitochondrial Protection: H₂ supports mitochondrial function, essential for energy production and metabolic processes in liver cells. By preserving mitochondrial integrity, H₂ helps maintain optimal liver function.
Preclinical Evidence
Animal studies have demonstrated H₂'s protective effects against various liver injuries. In models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hydrogen-rich water reduced liver fat accumulation and improved lipid metabolism. Similarly, in acute alcohol-induced liver injury models, H₂ administration alleviated liver damage by inhibiting specific inflammatory pathways.
Clinical Observations
NAFLD Patients: An 8-week study involving patients with NAFLD showed that hydrogen-rich water consumption improved mitochondrial function and increased levels of antioxidants, indicating enhanced liver health.
Liver Transplantation: In liver transplantation settings, H₂ has been investigated for its ability to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury, a common complication post-transplantation. The findings suggest that H₂ therapy can improve graft function and patient outcomes.
Studies:
Zhang, Y., Xu, J., & Yang, H. (2020). Hydrogen: An Endogenous Regulator of Liver Homeostasis.
Frontiers in pharmacology,
11,
Korovljev, D., Stajer, V., Ostojic, J., LeBaron, T. W., & Ostojic, S. M. (2019). Hydrogen-rich water reduces liver fat accumulation and improves liver enzyme profiles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial.
Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology,
43
(6), 688–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2019.03.008
Adzavon, Y.M., Xie, F., Yi, Y. et al.
Long-term and daily use of molecular hydrogen induces reprogramming of liver metabolism in rats by modulating NADP/NADPH redox pathways.
Sci Rep
12, 3904 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07710-6
Shi, J., Duncan, B., & Kuang, X. (2021). Hydrogen treatment: a novel option in liver diseases.
Clinical medicine (London, England), 21(2), e223–e227.
Zhang, Y., Bi, M., Chen, Z., Dai, M., Zhou, G., Hu, Y. ... Guan, W. (2021). Hydrogen gas alleviates acute alcohol‑induced liver injury by inhibiting JNK activation. Experimental and Therapeutic MediciNE, 21, 453.
Sumbalová, Z., Kucharská, J., Rausová, Z., Gvozdjáková, A., Szántová, M., Kura, B., Mojto, V., & Slezák, J. (2023). The Effect of Adjuvant Therapy with Molecular Hydrogen on Endogenous Coenzyme Q10 Levels and Platelet Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. International Journal of Molecular ScienceS, 24(15), 12477. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512477
Zanini, D., Todorovic, N., Korovljev, D., Stajer, V., Ostojic, J., Purac, J., Kojic, D., Vukasinovic, E., Djordjievski, S., Sopic, M., Guzonjic, A., Ninic, A., Erceg, S., & Ostojic, S. M. (2021). The effects of 6-month hydrogen-rich water intake on molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging in older adults aged 70 years and over: A randomized controlled pilot trial.
Experimental gerontology,
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Mizzoni, D., Logozzi, M., Di Raimo, R., Spada, M., & Fais, S. (2024). Hydrogen-Rich Alkaline Water Supplementation Restores a Healthy State and Redox Balance in H2O2-Treated Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(12), 6736.
Ichikawa, Y., Yamamoto, H., Hirano, S. I., Sato, B., Takefuji, Y., & Satoh, F. (2023). The overlooked benefits of hydrogen-producing bacteria. Medical gas research, 13(3), 108–111.
Lin, Yi-Tong1,#; Shi, Qing-Qing1,#; Zhang, Lei1,#; Yue, Cai-Ping1; He, Zhi-Jun1; Li, Xue-Xia1; He, Qian-Jun2; Liu, Qiong1; Du, Xiu-Bo PhD1,3,*. Hydrogen-rich water ameliorates neuropathological impairments in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease through reducing neuroinflammation and modulating intestinal microbiota. Neural Regeneration Research 17(2):p 409-417, February 2022. | DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317992
Gu, Y., Huang, C. S., Inoue, T., Yamashita, T., Ishida, T., Kang, K. M., & Nakao, A. (2010). Drinking hydrogen water ameliorated cognitive impairment in senescence-accelerated mice. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition, 46(3), 269–276.
Scott M Vincent, Melika Madani, Dante Dikeman, Kyle Golden, Naomi Crocker, Cameron Jackson, Sam P Wimmer, Mary Dover, Alexis Tucker, Cristina A Ghiani, Christopher S Colwell, Tyler W LeBaron, Alex Tarnava, Ketema N Paul, Hydrogen-rich water improves sleep consolidation and enhances forebrain neuronal activation in mice, SLEEP Advances, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2024, zpad057.
Dhillon, G., Buddhavarapu, V., Grewal, H., Sharma, P., Verma, R. K., Munjal, R., Devadoss, R., & Kashyap, R. (2024). Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?-A Systematic Review. International journal of molecular sciences, 25(2), 973.
Cong, H. M., Gao, Q. P., Song, G. Q., Ye, Y. X., Li, X. L., Zhang, L. S., & Wang, X. F. (2020). Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates hippocampal neuron apoptosis through up-regulating the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 23(4), 494–499.
Chen, H., Mao, X., Meng, X., Li, Y., Feng, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, Y., & Xie, K. (2019). Hydrogen alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and organ damage via autophagy‑mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation in sepsis.
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Ishibashi T. (2013). Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases.Current pharmaceutical design, 19(35). 6375–6381. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319999050
Liang, B., Shi, L., Du, D., Li, H., Yi, N., Xi, Y., Cui, J., Li, P., Kang, H., Noda, M., Sun, X., Liu, J., Qin, S., & Long, J. (2023). Hydrogen-Rich Water Ameliorates Metabolic Disorder via Modifying Gut Microbiota in Impaired Fasting Glucose Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 12(6), 1245.
Iketani, M., & Ohsawa, I. (2017). Molecular Hydrogen as a Neuroprotective Agent. Current neuropharmacology, 15(2), 324–331.
Yang, M., Dong, Y., He, Q., Zhu, P., Zhuang, Q., Shen, J., Zhang, X., & Zhao, M. (2020). Hydrogen: A Novel Option in Human Disease Treatment. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2020, 8384742.
Yuan, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, T., Zhang, X., & Xu, W. (2018). Hydrogen-rich water attenuates oxidative stress in rats with traumatic brain injury via Nrf2 pathway.
Journal of Surgical Research, 228, 234
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Wu, X., Wang, L., Ma, Z., Zhang, J., & Zhang, T. (2018). Hydrogen exerts neuroprotective effects on OGD/R damaged neurons in rat hippocampal by protecting mitochondrial function via regulating mitophagy mediated by PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway.
Brain Research, 1690, 37-47.
Wang, H., He, X., Zhang, H., & Li, J. (2018). Hydrogen-rich saline activated autophagy via HIF-1α pathways in neuropathic pain model.
Biomed Research International, 2018, 4670834.
Varga, V., Puskás, L. G., Hamar, P., Kertész, Z., & Kis, G. (2018). Molecular hydrogen alleviates asphyxia-induced neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 expression in newborn pigs.
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 39
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Satoh, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Furutani, T., Ikeda, R., & Hoshino, T. (2018). Molecular hydrogen prevents social deficits and depression-like behaviors induced by low-intensity blast in mice.
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 77
(11), 940-948.
Nishimaki, K., Nishida, R., Ikemoto, S., & Fujimoto, K. (2018). Effects of molecular hydrogen assessed by an animal model and a randomized clinical study on mild cognitive impairment.
Current Alzheimer Research, 15(
5), 482-492.
Jiang, X., Li, S., Ma, H., & Zhang, Y. (2018). FoxO1-mediated autophagy plays an important role in the neuroprotective effects of hydrogen in a rat model of vascular dementia.
Behavioral Brain Research, 341,
58-68.
Imai, K., Nakaoka, Y., Inoue, H., & Osada, Y. (2018). Administration of molecular hydrogen during pregnancy improves behavioral abnormalities of offspring in a maternal immune activation model.
Scientific Reports, 8(
1), 9221.
Huang, J. L., Liu, W. W., & Sun, X. J. (2018). Hydrogen inhalation improves mouse neurological outcomes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion independent of anti-necroptosis.
Medical Gas Research, 8(1), 1-5.
Hou, C., Zhang, X., Xu, Q., & Li, J. (2018). Hydrogen-rich water improves cognitive impairment gender-dependently in APP/PS1 mice without affecting Aβ clearance.
Free Radical Research, 52(12), 1342-1353.
Choi, K. S., Lee, S. Y., Lim, S. H., & Lee, D. Y. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen inhalation in an experimental rat intracerebral hemorrhage model.
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Ono, H., Asoh, S., Sano, M., & Masuda, M. (2017). Hydrogen gas inhalation treatment in acute cerebral infarction: A randomized controlled clinical study on safety and neuroprotection.
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Nishimaki, K., Nishida, R., Ikemoto, S., & Fujimoto, K. (2017). Effects of molecular hydrogen assessed by an animal model and a randomized clinical study on mild cognitive impairment.
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Yoneda, T., Kakei, M., & Ohno, T. (2017). Preventive effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on gingival oxidative stress and alveolar bone resorption in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Nutrients, 9(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010056
Wen, D., Zhao, C., & Li, X. (2017). Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates anxiety-like behaviors in morphine-withdrawn mice.
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Shi, Y., Zhang, X., Yang, L., & Wu, H. (2017). Hydrogen gas attenuates sevoflurane neurotoxicity through inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling and proinflammatory cytokine release in neonatal rats.
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Here are the citations with all the authors listed in APA style:
Li, H., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & Xie, L. (2018). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against small-scale liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Life Sciences, 194, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.003
Ishikawa, T., Ueda, K., Tomiyama, T., Inoue, K., & Uemura, T. (2018). Post-reperfusion hydrogen gas treatment ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury in rat livers from donors after cardiac death: A preliminary study. Surgery Today, 48(5), 515-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-018-1684-1
Chen, M., Wang, X., Zhao, Z., Han, Y., & Zhao, L. (2018). Hydrogen protects against liver injury during CO2 pneumoperitoneum in rats. Oncotarget, 9
(2), 2631-2645.
Zhai, X., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Wu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2017). Hydrogen-rich saline improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by alleviating oxidative stress and activating hepatic PPARα and PPARy.
Molecular Medicine Reports, 15(3), 1305-1312. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6051
Wang, D., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., & Li, L. (2017). The protective role of hydrogen-rich saline against liver injury caused by acetaminophen in mice.
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 10(8), 11646-11654.
Uto, K., Kido, T., Sakamoto, T., Yamamoto, M., & Matsumoto, K. (2017). Hydrogen-rich solution attenuates cold ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation.
Transplantation, 101
(5S-3), S18.
Lin, C. P., Lee, C. H., Hsu, C. H., Chiu, H. W., & Lin, S. C. (2017). Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen-rich water alleviate ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice.
World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23
(27), 4920-4934.
Song, D., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Li, X., & Wang, H. (2018). Hydrogen-rich solution against myocardial injury and aquaporin expression via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway during cardiopulmonary bypass in rats.
Molecular Medicine Reports, 18
(2), 1925-1938.
Matsuoka, H., Sakamoto, T., Okazaki, K., Fujii, T., & Tanaka, H. (2018). Hydrogen gas improves left ventricular hypertrophy in Dahl rat of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 1-5.
Feng, R., Zhang, J., Wang, X., & Li, Z. (2018). Early aerobic exercise combined with hydrogen-rich saline as preconditioning protects myocardial injury induced by acute myocardial infarction in rats.
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 186, 200-210.
Chi, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., & Chen, W. (2018). Inhalation of hydrogen attenuates progression of chronic heart failure via suppression of oxidative stress and P53 related to apoptosis pathway in rats.
Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1026.
Chen, K., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., & Zhang, S. (2018). Hydrogen-rich solution attenuates myocardial injury caused by cardiopulmonary bypass in rats via the Janus-activated kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway.
Oncology Letters, 16
(1), 167-178.
Zalesak, M., Miadoková, E., & Lichardus, M. (2017). Molecular hydrogen potentiates beneficial anti-infarct effect of hypoxic postconditioning in isolated rat hearts: A novel cardioprotective intervention.
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 95
(8), 888-893.
Yang, J., Zhang, L., Li, C., & Wang, L. (2017). Hydrogen-containing saline alleviates pressure overload-induced interstitial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in rats.
Molecular Medicine Reports, 16
(2), 1771-1778.
